All posts tagged: Creation

Malaysia Credit: Juha Riissanen/Flickr/Creative Commons

Oops, that wasn’t supposed to happen: genetic study unravels evolutionary theory

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A study produced by two geneticists Mark Stoeckle from New York’s Rockefeller University and David Thaler from Switzerland’s University of Baler concluded that 90% of animals came into existence at the same time as humans and relatively recently. This conclusion seriously challenges the theory of evolution that requires millions of years for animals to slowly evolve, with man being the climax of the evolutionary cycle. In their study published in the Human Evolution journal, the two geneticists examined the “DNA barcodes” of 100,000 species of animals stored in GenBank, a genetic data base operated by the American government. Based on this study, the two concluded that animals appeared at the same time as humans about 100,000 to 200,000 years ago. Though there may be some dispute on the dating, their study nevertheless confirms the Biblical account that says humans and animals were created at the same time on the fifth day. In an interview with Christian Headlines, Ken Ham founder of the creationist organization Answers in Genesis suggested the age numbers were inflated by evolutionary …

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Bodies by Design

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In Psalm 95:6 David opens his heart and declares “Come let us bow down in worship, let us kneel before the Lord God our Maker, for He is our God…” David had the revelation that we were created, intricately crafted by the masters hand. Three thousand years have now past and scientists are continually amazed at the complexity in the design of our bodies. When you consider our brain consists of approximately 12 billion cells, with 120 trillion interconnections allowing us to see and do amazing things. And when you also consider the human eye with its 10 million photoreceptor cells in the retina that are so complex, it would take a Cray supercomputer a minimum of 100 years to simulate what takes place in the eye several times per second. Not to mention the 20 feet of blood vessels intricately woven into every square inch of skin and the 72 feet of nerve fiber in each square inch of our hands. The list of masterful design goes on and on. The blueprints that map …

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Human Evolution in 2017

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“It takes just as much faith to be an atheist as it does to be a religious believer. I don’t point to the Bible to prove this, but rather to the universe.” — Mick Mooney, Why I’d Still Believe In God Did you know, our picture of the world changed in the year 2017, in a big way? I am writing this in early 2018, and some science writers are looking back in shock and awe. For example, when I was a boy, public schools and libraries and publications like “Scientific American” and “National Geographic” gave one orthodox picture of humans who are apes that climbed down from trees and walked on the planes of Africa, and evolved into us. This was science, and there was no other way, and for sure there was no God. I was a Christian who went to church every Sunday, and I also studied and worked in a large university. My first degree was in Anthropology, the driver of human evolution ideas. I learned to keep my head down …

RNA strand Credit: Vossman/Wikipedia/Creative Commons

Blinded by a theory?

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It has been a problem that has haunted evolutionists for years — how did ribonucleic acid (RNA) evolve? According to the RNA Society, “Ribonucleic acid, or RNA is one of the three major biological macromolecules that are essential for all known forms of life (along with DNA and proteins).” It is a required cog for producing enzymes. However, there was a major evolutionary problem. Since RNA requires its own enzymes to replicate, it was impossible for RNA to evolve without enzymes. It was the old what came first — the chicken or the egg. Since the enzyme could only be created by RNA and it could only replicate with the enzyme, both had to spontaneously appear at exactly the same time for it to evolve. It sounds more like creation than evolution. But in 2016 Nobel Prize laureate Jack Szostak, a genetics professor at Harvard Medical School,  wrote a paper stating he had discovered how RNA replicated without the required enzyme paving the way for its evolution. It was a ground-breaking announcement that fell in …

Snow monkeys Credit: John Barton/Flickr/Creative Commons

Stop monkeying around

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Every time you turn on the television, whether it’s a feature film, a kid’s program or a documentary, there is often a reference to evolution in the form of “back when we were monkeys…” So for all of you who still believe that you are the product of King Kong rather than children of the King of Kings, here is some hard data for you. Evolutionary regression 1) Common ancestor (evolutionary adam): This creature is believed to have been a forest dwelling creature from which both man and ape descend: No traces of any such creature have ever been found! 2) Gigantopithicus: This creature was discovered to be nothing more than an extinct ground ape, Richard Leaky famed anthropologist and evolutionist has removed it from the chart leading to man (Time magazine Nov 7, 1977). 3) Ramapithicus: Discovered in India in 1930, it was described as an advanced primate. It  was reconstructed from a 2″ long piece of jawbone, and all physical charactaristics were  artistically detailed and published widely. But his height, posture, length of …

The Milky Way viewed from Chile. Credit: Bruno Gilli/ESO/Wikipedia

CERN scientist admits universe should not exist

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A physicist with CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, recently admitted in an interview with Newsweek that the universe is defying the laws of physics. CERN physicist Christian Smorra said, “The universe should not exactly exist.” With an annual budget of $1.24 billion, CERN, located in Switzerland, has a particle accelerator deep underground. They use this 17-mile long circular accelerator to have particles traveling at nearly the speed of light collide. They have also been trying to find an imbalance between matter and antimatter. Since the matter and antimatter annihilate each other on contact, such an imbalance would be necessary for the universe to exist. According to the Big Bang Theory the universe originally existed in pure energy the size of a thimble (literally the size of a thimble), this exploded in a “one trillionth of a trillionth of a trillionth of a second” to create all the matter that makes up the universe today. However, if there was an equal amount of matter and antimatter, the universe should have self annihilated back into …

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So who designed the first pocket — man, the sea otter or God?

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So who invented human pockets? The English word “pocket” comes from an old French word “poque” that is literally translated bag. In the 16th and 17th century, people did not have pockets in their clothing, instead men and women had bags that they attached to the outside of their clothing or hung on a piece of rope around their waist. Inside they would put items such as money, jewellery and handkerchiefs. However, as these outside pockets increasingly became a target for thieves, by the 17th century, people started cutting slits in their pants and even dresses and inserting these “poques” inside the slits. They flattened them to remove its purse like bulge and began sewing them on the cloth to help keep them in place. This became the first pocket as we know it. By the 18th century clothing was being manufactured with pockets including pants, jackets, vests and shirts. They even had pockets for specific purposes. They designed pockets to hold tickets and others to hold the “pocket-watch.” Pockets were designed and created for …

South American Squirrel monkey Credit: cuatrok77/Flickr/Creative Commons

Evolving Evolutionists?

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Dr. Jeffrey Schwartz, a respected anthropologist from the University of Pittsburgh, still believes in evolution, but his views on Darwinism have evolved over the years, due to a lack of evidence in the fossil record. In an interview with the Pittsburgh Post Gazette, Schwartz no longer believes in “gradualism.” According to the theory of evolution proposed by Charles Darwin, species evolved gradually over millions of years through minute incremental changes. Schwartz argues that if these minute changes actually took place, evolutionists would find thousands examples of these species at different stages in their evolutionary development. Instead the fossil record is starkly quiet with huge gaps in the fossil record. Darwin claimed that the absence of these missing links was simply a matter of bad luck. Schwartz disagrees – based on the evidence – the lack of transitional fossils says the transitions never existed in the first place. Schwartz adds that some organs, such as the eye, are so complicated that the sheer number of changes required for its evolution “defies logic.” He also takes a …

A home in the suburbs for the Liver Fluke. Photo: MTSOfan/Flickr/Creative Commons

It’s no fluke!

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Several years ago, my son and I were watching  a TV program about the complex life cycle of the small liver fluke. The design behind its life cycle leaves your head shaking and begs the question how on earth did this evolve. Of course, it didn’t. It’s simply another sign of God’s creation. The small liver fluke is a parasite common to North America, Europe and Asia. Where do we begin?. The zombie ant Perhaps one of the most unusual influences of this microscopic parasite is its effect on ants. The ants eat the cercaria of the fluke which is essentially the fluke in its adolescent stage. Well, they don’t really want to eat it, however the temptation is so great. But we will get to that in a moment. Once ingested one or two cercaria — call them the pilot and co-pilot — make their way from the ant’s stomach to its brain. Once there, they burrow into the ant’s brain and take control. At this point, the ant enters into what can only be described as a zombie-like …

When it isn't eating nuts and berries, this Finch transforms into a vampire. Photo: Vampire Finch/Peter Wilton/Wikipedia

Why animals became carnivores: Vampire finches

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In my earlier post, I wrote on Dr. Joel Berger’s study that showed a prey’s natural fear of predators is not instinctive but rather a learned behaviour. If there are no carnivores around, the animals had little fear of predators compared to those existing in areas with many natural enemies. The prophet Isaiah spoke of a day when the lion would lie with the lamb (Isaiah 11:6-9). The lamb would have no fear of the lion because it eats vegetation. Since Isaiah saw this as part of the new heaven and new earth (Isaiah 65: 17, 25), many have concluded that at creation, animals were not created as carnivores.  It was also a learned behaviour. So what happened to change the natural order of life as God intended it? The Apostle Paul explains it this way: “For the creation was subject to futility, not willingly, 
but because of Him who subjected it in hope
That the creation itself also will be set free from its slavery to corruption into the freedom of the glory of the children of God.
For we know that …

The Peaceable Kingdom by Edward Hicks (1780-1849)

Study reveals the nature of animals as God created them

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A report released by Dr. Joel Berger of the Wildlife Conversation Society says the fear of predators is not a natural instinct in animals. It is a learned behavior. This revelation is a bit of a shock for many evolutionists who believe the fear of predators is a naturally evolving instinct that enabled species to survive. Berger came to this conclusion after studying the relationship between prey and predator in 19 ecosystems in Russia, Greenland, Canada and the US. He focused specifically on elk, moose, bison and caribou and their natural predators wolves, tigers and bears. He compared systems where predators existed with those where they didn’t. He noticed that prey-animals only feared predators, if they regularly encountered them.  Once the predators were removed, prey animals lost a fear of their natural enemies. In his study, Berger played sound recordings of predators around test animals that had no predators in their area and compared their reactions to similar species that regularly encountered predators in their surroundings. Berger said “elk in the mountains of Siberia — who …

Dr. Michio Kaku speaking in Brazil Photo: by Cristiano Sant' Anna - Campus Party Brasil/Flickr/Creative Commons

World-renown physicist Michio Kaku acknowledges the existence of God

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Atheists enjoy mocking Christians accusing them of having a fairy-tale belief in Creation – that somehow there is a God who created heaven and earth. So what happens when a renown scientist, with a Doctorate in Physics, says he believes that there is an intelligent being who created the universe? Not only that, he came to this conclusion after his study of science. Meet world-renown American physicist Dr. Michio Kaku, 69. Born to Japanese parents, for 25 years he has held the Henry Semat Chair and professor of theoretical physics at City College of New York. His journey started as a student at Cubberley High School in Palo Alto, California. Kaku showed up at his school’s National Science Fair with a particle accelerator, an atom smasher, that he made in his parent’s garage. Though most were astounded by what he had created, Kaku looked upon it as a bit of a failure, as he had hoped to create a “a beam of gamma rays powerful enough to create antimatter.” But despite his invention’s shortcomings, Physicist …

And God said, "Let there be light." Sun appearing over the India ocean/Nasa/Flickr/Creative Commons

Gene study: Life just got way more complicated

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One of the massive problems facing evolutionists is how did non organic material suddenly come to life — living, growing, moving, breathing, consuming and most importantly reproducing. There is no explainable way it could happen and according to an article entitled “Design and synthesis of a minimal bacterial genome” published in Science Magazine, the issue is much worse than previously thought. Over two decades, a group that would involve 20 scientists took one of the simplest bacteria, M. mycoides, and began to strip away unnecessary genes to discover what was the least number needed for it to continue to exist. Unnecessary does not mean these genes are unuseful. If I was to strip my car down to the very basics needed to function, there are probably dozens of things I could remove that are not necessary, but nevertheless beneficial, such as the rear view mirror and front window. With 900 genes, M. mycoides is one of the simpler forms of bacteria. In comparison, the E. coli bacterium has over 4,000 genes. They had sorted out what they …

Let there be light Photo Nima; hopographer/Flickr/Creative Commons

Does science make a case for God?

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On Christmas day in 2014, an article appeared in the Wallstreet Journal (WSJ) entitled “Science increasingly makes the case for God.” Written by Christian apologist and author Eric Metaxas, the article caused a firestorm on the internet. It received an incredible 550,000 Facebook shares. This along with nearly 9,500 comments made it one of WSJ’s most read articles in its prestigious history. In the article, Metaxas starts off writing how science has been desperately looking for life on other planets. He cited an article written in 1966 by Time Magazine entitled “Is God dead?”. In it, astronomer Carl Sagan suggested in the vastness of the universe there were a septillion number of planets (1 plus 24 zeros) capable of life. Sagan believed all that was needed was a decent sun with a planet the right distance away and presto life will spontaneously appear. A number of government and private organizations popped up to track down these aliens. They organized into a group called the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence. But Metaxas points out it has been …

Photo of Atlantic ocean off of Brazil by Tiago Fioreze/Wikipedia

Where did all the water come from?

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For years, scientists have struggled to explain waters existence on earth. Their best theory is that it was alien — that comets laden with ice hit the earth filling our oceans. However, there is a new theory gaining ground that confirms the Biblical account. Geologists last year found a diamond that suggested deep beneath the earth’s surface there are massive oceans of water. This is exactly what the Bible says. We are told in Genesis 1, that when God formed the earth he created waters above and below (Genesis 1:7). In fact, the water below was a major source of the water used to fill the earth during Noah’s flood when the fountains of the deep exploded gushing water to the earth’s surface. In the six hundredth year of Noah’s life, in the second month, on the seventeenth day of the month, on the same day all the fountains of the great deep burst open, and the floodgates of the sky were opened. (Genesis 7:11 NASV) In 2014, scientists from the University of Alberta were …

Blood found inside a T-Rex bone from Alberta, Canada

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[by Dean Smith] An article in an English newspaper, The Guardian, is reporting scientists have found blood inside a T-Rex bone fragment. What is particularly interesting is that these tiny scraps of bone from the Dinosaur Park formation in Alberta, Canada were in poor condition. They had been kicking around for about 100 years, and few months ago the fossils were sent to the Museum of Natural History in London, England. (Photo: Zetgem/Foter/CC BY-NC) A scientist decided to take a closer look at these fossil fragments from different dinosaurs using a high-powered electron microscope. He had actually been studying human cells and decided to take a look at the dinosaur bones as well.

Creationists and evolutionists sort of agree on snakes

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[by Dean Smith] It doesn’t happen very often, so when it does we need to talk about it. Creationists and evolutionists are in agreement on some facts about snakes. As I read this story on the evolution of snakes there was the usual rhetoric of snakes being a 110 million years old — a point of contention for creationists considering scientists are now finding organic, non-fossilized cartilage and blood in dinosaur bones. It is hard to fathom how there could be non-fossilized material in any bones supposedly 70 million years old. Scientists from Yale University in the US initiated a study of snakes to discover their origins. Looking at modern snake DNA and anatomy plus recent fossil finds, they concluded that at one time snakes had hind legs and front legs. Basically snakes walked.

The Incomparable Observer

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[by Earl Blacklock] From his childhood, Jean Henri Casimir Fabre was a gifted self-taught observer of nature whose extensive research and writings on insect and arachnid anatomy and behavior set the highest standard for scientific inquiry. Fabre won a scholarship to a school for teachers, where he taught himself Latin and Greek. While studying a text on entomology, he discovered an error. The book said that the hunting wasp kills beetles before feeding them to its larvae. Through careful observation, Fabre saw that the wasp instead paralyzes its prey, delivering them to its young still alive. From that observation, Fabre learned the principle that in science, all authority must be questioned. A teacher of biology at a high school for boys in Avignon, Fabre devoted his free time to the study of insects and arachnids. He would spend hours after school studying and recording the drama of the lives of creatures that lived nearby, from the way they would signal their presence to how they killed their prey.

A clear signal

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[by Earl Blacklock] The next time you have an x-ray, you may want to pause a moment to give thanks for Mihailo Idvorsky Pupin. His invention of the fluoroscope cut x-ray exposure times from about an hour to mere seconds. He also discovered secondary x-rays, the product of atoms struck by primary x-rays. Pupin’s invention of the Pupin inductance coil increased the distance a long distance telephone call could be transmitted by amplifying the signal along the line without distortion. His oscillating circuit made it possible for telephone companies to send several messages simultaneously on a single line. He sold to the Marconi Corporation patents for a process of electrical tuning and an invention for the conversion of high frequency electrical waves, which allowed clearer radio signals over long distances.

Science continues to advance – sort of

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[By Earl Blacklock] Have you ever wondered why countries spend hundreds of billions, perhaps even trillions of dollars on non-military space exploration? Many of the usual explanations – our instinct for exploration, the advancement of science – seem to be suspect since the cost is so astronomical (pun intended). Surely we can find less expensive ways to satiate our instincts and increase our knowledge. In fact, the news media explanation that space exploration is to “discover the origins of life and the universe” is likely the most accurate. Not satisfied with any explanation that does not preclude a divine origin to – well, everything – the scientific industrial complex works apace to fill in all the holes in the narrative of how we came to be. And there are a lot of holes. One that is most troubling is the explanation of how our life-sustaining oceans came about. Simple, we have been told. Comets contain water and when they impacted the earth, they acted as a water delivery method. Over centuries and eons, they delivered …

And God said, “Let there be an invisible electron blocking shield around earth and there was…”

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[by Dean Smith] Scientists say they are baffled and can’t explain it, but they have discovered an invisible shield surrounding the earth. Located in the Van Allen belt, found 11,200 km (7,200 miles) above the earth, the shield protects our planet from bombardment by electrons. These electrons which travel at near light speed are  extremely dangerous. If they hit earth in enough volume, they would, among other things, cause a dramatic increase in cancer rates, affect electronics of all kinds — even frying satellites and as well profoundly impact the earth’s weather. The Daily Mail refers to them as “killer electrons” that even endanger astronauts. The Van Allen Belt, discovered in 1958, is composed of two massive circular rings with an inner and outer belt extending 25,000 kms (11,000 miles) into space. They are basically “two swaths of radiation” held in place by the earth’s gravity. The belts swell in size with increased solar activity. In 2012, scientists sent a space craft into the Van Allen belt to research it. What they discovered shocked them. …

Alien attacks, War of the Worlds, Martians and evolution

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[by Dean Smith] Atheists and evolutionists like to discredit Christians for our belief in God who created the heavens and earth. They in turn insist their beliefs are all about the science. But that is often not the case. In fact, a recent poll showed that over half of atheists believe in life on other planets without any credible evidence for their existence. Atheists do have faith — it is just in Aliens. At the annual meeting of the American Physical Society in Illinois held Saturday, November 22, 2014. Physicist Dr. John Brandenburg presented his scientific evidence that there was an ancient civilization living on Mars that was completely destroyed when another Alien race attacked the planet.

III. Honey, I shrunk the universe?

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[by Earl Blacklock] In two earlier articles, I discussed how the “science only” crowd was forced into irrational assumptions by their conviction that there is no God, no Creator. I equated their irrationality to the mental patient who believed the world rested on the back of a giant turtle, with that turtle resting on a large turtle, and so on, the result being “turtles all the way down”. I was, of course, referring to the assumption from those who would say that science can be pursued to the exclusion of faith – that all of life, all of the universe, came out of nothing without any involvement from an omnipotent God. I’m sure the vast majority of scientists would smile, bemused, at the comparison. It is, after all, only Christians whose faith causes them to be irrational – isn’t it? Surely science is based, as Dragnet of old, on “just the facts”? Well, there’s a new theory on the nature of the universe, and it’s one that is so ludicrous that other scientists are having …

turtles-wikipedia

II. More turtles all the way down

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[by Earl Blacklock] In an earlier article, I discussed the irrationality of the argument of “9/11 Truthers” (who could also be called reality deniers), and equated them with scientists who insist that “science only” is the only rational approach for understanding life and the universe. Christians, of course, believe that there is a God, and that He personally intervened to create matter and life out of nothingness. There is currently circulating on the Internet a light-hearted response to this argument. It purports, with tongue firmly in cheek, that in fact the Flying Spaghetti Monster was responsible for creation, and this pasta-based pseudo-deity is personally intervening in the universe “with his noodly appendage” to distort scientific results. They reason that if science must recognize the possibility that God is Creator of all, then why not give the Flying Spaghetti Monster equal time?

I. It’s turtles all the way down

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According to a 2006 national poll, 42% of Americans have faith – genuine, and heartfelt faith – in the theory that the truth about the 9/11 terrorist attacks has not been told. A large number of these believe the attacks were somehow orchestrated by George Bush, or at least by shadowy elements in the U.S. government. The “9/11 truth” movement has all of the elements of a cult-like belief system. It employs the reverse scientific method whereby one starts with the theory, and then cherry-picks the evidence to fit that theory. Members of the cult drink from the same well, and limit their exposure to mainstream thought. I won’t go into a lengthy description of all of the shortcomings of the argument. Others, particularly Popular Mechanics in its Debunking the 9/11 Myths: A Special Report, have already done so ably and well.

Did finding soft tissue in a dinosaur fossil result in a scientist’s firing?

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UPDATED: Pacific Justice Institute (PJI) has announced it is taking on the case of Mark Armitage, a scientist and professor at California State University Northridge (CSUN), who PJI alleges was fired for his religious beliefs. Pacific Justice is a non-profit organization dedicated to defending liberty and religious freedom. According to its news release, Pacific Justice alleges that Mark was dismissed from CSUN because he published an article in February 2013 in a peer-reviewed scientific journal showing dinosaur bones contained non-fossilized organic material. The finding indirectly called into question claims by evolutionists that dinosaurs are millions of years old. Mark was part of dig at the Hell Creek formation in Montana when he discovered what is considered the largest triceratops horn ever found at this dig. The triceratops was a massive animal that according to evolutionists existed 60 million years ago. With features like a modern rhino, it had a massive head with three horns and a large frill. Mark was using a high-powered electron microscope to study the fossil, when he discovered soft tissue inside …

The single-celled bacteria that refuses to follow the evolutionary script

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Evolutionists want you to believe that when life evolved on earth it started with  a very simple, single-celled bacteria. However, research is revealing that these single-celled bacteria are anything but simple. In November 2012, scientists from Osaka University in Japan and France’s Aix-Marseille Universite released a report showing the results of their study on how the MO-1 marine bacterium is able to move through water. This bacterium was found in rock that evolutionists consider to be three billion years old making it among the oldest forms found (again according to evolutionists who may now be regretting this declaration). 

What the Bible says really ended the dinosaur era… and no, it wasn’t the flood

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One of the beliefs of evolution is that dinosaurs evolved into birds. There is a reason evolutionists went down this road and its based on a little known fact about dinosaurs — and oddly it’s one that supports the Biblical record on what ended the dinosaur era. The paleontological record shows that dinosaurs started shrinking in size. This was the conclusion of a study by a group of scientists from Oxford University.

God’s Big Bang at creation?

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“In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth.” (Genesis 1:1 NASV) In an article in the New York Times, radio astronomers state they have found gravitational waves rippling through space that confirms the Big Bang theory. Gravitational waves — like waves that form when you throw a rock in a pool of water — are believed to be ripples in the space-time continuum that formed when the universe was first created. Astronomer John Kovac of the Harvard-Smithonian Center of Astrophysics said his team discovered gravitational waves that Albert Einstein predicted would occur if the Big Bang theory was correct. But perhaps more startling is they detected the starting point of the universe. The universe as we know it, did not always exist. Many thought this would be another attack on the Biblical creation account. In fact, the exact opposite has happened.

Extraordinary dinosaur find challenges evolution

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Dinosaur bones from the Hell Creek formation in Montana cause a huge problem for evolutionists. Those digging at the site actually found fossilized dinosaur bones with soft tissue inside them (blood, blood vessels, cartilage). How could there be soft tissue in bones reportedly millions of years old? In 2004, palaeontologists uncovered a large T. Rex thigh bone (supposedly 69 million years old) at the Montana dig. They broke the bone for transport, revealing what looked like un-fossilized soft tissue. 

Gears before its time

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One of the earliest mentions of gears was made by Aristotle around 330 BC. He was referring to gears in a windlass used to lift heavy weights. He stated by reversing the rotation of the gears, the direction of the load could be changed. It was a wonderful invention for the time.  Archimedes (287-212 BC) an engineer and inventor incorporated gears into many of the inventions he designed. But it appears gears were in operation centuries before this. They were being used by Issus Coleoptratus (Issus C.) to jump. Issus C. is a simple plant hopping bug common in England and Europe. It is part of a group of insects referred to as Planthoppers. Jumping for Issus C. is a complicated process. Any difference in thrust or timing between its two back legs would cause it to spin out of control. To solve the problem, Issus C, uses gears. 

Houston, we have a mutation problem — with evolution

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In his article, Single genes have multiple effects published in The Globe and Mail, Stephen Strauss says a little known fact about genes and mutations is causing considerable consternation in evolutionary circles. Evolutionists believe new species were created as gene’s mutated. These mutations, if beneficial, were eventually incorporated into the species and gradually resulted in the formation of new animals over hundreds of millions of year. Over the past few years, we have been inundated